Brian Pile July 2001 

This paper seeks to explain the rationale for taking the supplements recommended by Ashton Embry as part of the Best Bet approach to treating Multiple Sclerosis in all its forms. It has been collated by a non nutritionally qualified amateur from other published sources. The text has been approved by Ashton Embry.

However, anyone considering taking supplements should be aware of the medical profession’s view of supplementation which may conflict with the views expressed below. Either seek qualified nutritional advice or satisfy yourself of the potential benefits and any downside risk.

Just click on the Table of Contents icon any time to see the listing and go directly to a section.

1. WHY TAKE SUPPLEMENTS AT ALL?

"There are good reasons to take supplements of vitamins and minerals. Firstly, your diet might not be providing enough. Secondly, you may need more than a normal person because you have a chronic illness. Thirdly, some specific vitamins and minerals are vital for the biochemical conversion process of essential fatty acids. And lastly, certain vitamins and minerals are essential if you are taking EFAs, to prevent them from oxidation. Doctors like to tell you that you will be getting enough vitamins and minerals `if you are eating a balanced diet'. This may not be true for people with MS." Judy Graham, "Multiple Sclerosis A Self-Help Guide." Thorsons 1998 (revised edition)

1a. Due to 21st Century factors such as acid rain and intensive agriculture, are there adequate levels of nutrients in the foods we eat?

In 1999, a top nutritionist compared the mineral content of UK grown fruits and vegetables from results of Medical Research Council requested tests in 1941 and MAFF requested, identical tests, in 1991. 

Over this 51 year period, calcium levels in broccoli had dropped by up to 75%, and magnesium levels in carrots had fallen by similar amounts.

Summarised (originally by Neways) from Sunday Times, October 29th 2000

2. WHY TAKE THE LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS RECOMMENDED BY ASHTON EMBRY?

 See Ashton Embry's paper "Multiple Sclerosis - Best Bet Treatment."
http://www.direct-ms.org/bestbet.html (click to visit)

The following paragraphs, explaining some of the supplements, are taken from that essay: 

"Experiments with animals have shown that there are three related chemicals, anthocyanosides, proanthocyanidins and procyanidolic oligomers, which strengthen the [Blood-Brain Barrier] BBB (Robert et al., 1977; Detre et al., 1986). These chemicals are found in blueberries, cherries, blackberries, grapes and the bark and needles of certain pine trees. They are currently available as encapsulated supplements called bilberry, grape seed extract and pycnogenol. These supplements and/or substantial quantities of the above fruits should be ingested daily to help strengthen the BBB.

The anthocyanosides and proanthocyanidins act as very powerful anti-oxidants, block enzyme actions and bind with the BBB and it is these properties which likely result in their beneficial effect on the BBB (see Stout essay for details). Other supplements which are antioxidants (much less powerful) include vitamin A (cod liver oil), vitamin C (with bioflavonoids) and vitamin E. These, along with vitamin B complex and vitamin D, should be taken daily.

Because MS is basically caused by a malfunctioning immune system, it is worthwhile to strengthen the immune system such that it operates in a more normal fashion Most important in this regard is the healthy functioning of the suppression side of the system which is programmed to shut down harmful autoimmune reactions as soon as possible.

Minerals such as zinc and selenium, help strengthen the immune system, and also may well have value in warding off viral infections (Macknin et al., 1996)."

In broad terms, the Best Bet supplement list advised by Ashton Embry divides into 4 categories:

3. WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL SUPPLEMENTS IN THE BEST BET DIET?

Vitamin D3, Calcium, and Magnesium are Ashton's "essentials" These three are very important.

3a. What is the Explanation for Vitamin D3?

Vitamin D3 - Dosage - 4000 iu/day

For a full account of the role of vitamin D see the scientific papers section in the Best Bet Diet Book. (Click to visit) 

There is mounting evidence supporting the thesis that adequate supplementation with Vitamin D (particularly important for people living in Northern climates where annual sunlight exposure is low) suppresses autoimmune reactions, and thus can slow the incidence of relapse and progression in MS. In order for the supplement (4000 iu/day) to be effective, it must be taken with adequate amounts of both calcium, and magnesium (800mg/day each). D3 (natural) vitamin D is more effective than synthetic vitamin D2. Vitamin D3 also helps assimilation of vitamin A. Vitamin D supplementation has recently been shown to increase levels of TGF 1 (beta) in the bloodstream. TGF I (beta) is associated with remissions in MS ....

3b. What is the Explanation for Calcium? 

Calcium - Dosage - 800 mg/day

JG "Calcium is needed for the healthy function of nerves and muscles. It works together with magnesium to do this. It also helps Vitamin B 12 absorption. For calcium to do its job properly, you not only have to eat enough, it also has to be absorbed. Absorption is improved by taking enough Vitamin D, and also doing weight-bearing exercise. Calcium absorption is made worse by lead, alcohol, coffee, tea, and lack of hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach".

It is important to take calcium and magnesium in approximately equal amounts. 1: 1 is the estimated paleolithic diet ratio, upon which best bet is based.

Although on the best bet diet we are avoiding the richest sources of dietary calcium (dairy products), alternative sources of calcium include vegetables, nuts, and water.

JG "it may be necessary to take calcium supplements if you stop eating milk and dairy produce.

Calcium and MS There is a theory that deficiency of calcium and Vitamin D during puberty predisposes to Multiple Sclerosis. Demyelination in MS results from a breakdown due to abnormal lipid composition and structure produced during the period of brain development. There are deficiencies in enzymes that govern myelin synthesis. This can happen due to inadequate supplies of vitamin D and calcium at times of rapid myelination and growth, especially adolescence. If this theory is correct, it may be possible to help control the disease by dietary supplementation with vitamin D and calcium during puberty.

Research In an experimental study, (Goldberg, 1986) 16 patients with MS aged 22-37 received Dolomite (Calcium and Magnesium). In order to promote mineral absorption, they were also given cod liver oil and 5,000 I.Us daily of Vitamin D. After 1-2 years, the number of exacerbations was half that expected. Results tend to support the theory that calcium and magnesium are important in the development, structure and stability of myelin. The oil intake was no doubt a factor too".

3c. What is the Explanation for Magnesium?

Magnesium - Dosage - 800 mg/day

JG "Almost every metabolic system is dependent on magnesium. It helps produce cellular energy, and is needed for nerve impulse transmission. It also helps metabolise the B vitamins and essential fatty acids.

Magnesium and MS

A magnesium deficiency is a common finding in MS. Spasticity can often be traced to low levels of magnesium. This deficiency may be caused by a diet high in refined and processed foods and saturated fat, by bran added to the diet and by diuretics.

In MS, magnesium helps: - relax muscles - reduce tremor, spasticity, fatigue, cramps, numbness, tingling -increase energy levels -improve circulation -to warm up cold extremities.

It can be taken by mouth daily, or can be given in higher doses by intravenous infusion or injection into a muscle. Doctors specialising in nutritional medicine frequently give magnesium by intravenous infusion as part of a cocktail of nutrients, including vitamin B12, It can be taken with Calcium in a supplement called ‘Dolomite’" (see vitamin D research above).

4. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT OILS IN THE BEST BET DIET? 

OILS: EPO, Fish Oil, Flax oil
(See also Carol Hanson's paper on the website: "Fats and Oils and the Best Bet Diet" (just click to visit.))

4a. What is the Explanation for EPO?

Evening Primrose Oil - Dosage 1-5 g/day (1000-5000mg/day)

JG "The supplement most frequently used in MS is evening primrose oil. It is a rich source of Essential Fatty Acids. It is high in Omega 6 (linoleic acid and GLA gamma linolenic acid). This converts into an anti-inflammatory molecule called an eicosanoid which helps regulate the immune system. Evening primrose oil works better than sunflower oil because it contains the more biologically active essential fatty acid -gammalinolenic acid (GLA). This means it bypasses all the blocking agents (see below) in the metabolic conversion process of linoleic acid. GLA also has anti-viral properties. Although evening primrose oil contains slightly less GLA than borage oil (starflower), studies suggest it may work better because of its minor ingredients. The minor ingredients of evening primrose oil are very different from the minor ingredients of borage oil."

BP On the other hand, some capsules of starflower (borage) oil contain 3-4 times the amount of GLA, so is preferred by many to EPO, so that the amount of omega 6 ingested with the supplement is kept within tolerable limits.

JG "Blocking Agents

Certain things can block the conversion of linoleic acid to gamma linolenic acid. By starting the conversion process with GLA, evening primrose oil avoids these blocking agents.

Other Nutrients To Take With Evening Primrose Oil

To work effectively, evening primrose oil should be taken with a low saturated fat diet, all the vitamin and mineral co-factors, and vitamin E.

Dose

The dose needs to be high enough to have any effect. [According to Judy Graham, the ideal dose for MS is around 8-12 500mg capsules twice a day, but Ashton's recommended dose is lower than this (see above)].

Research

16 MS patients were supplemented with evening primrose oil 4 grams daily. After three weeks, both blood theology and hand grip strength were improved, suggesting, that there was improved capillary perfusion in muscles. 8 seriously disabled patients were treated with evening primrose oil capsules. After 3 months, 3 showed some improvement: While there was no improvement in grip strength, there was a significant improvement in manual dexterity."

4b. What is the Explanation for Fish Oil?

Fish and Fish Oils - Dosage - 2-5 g/day*, and eat fish as often as possible!

Ashton Embry "Fish oil down-regulates the inflammatory response."

JG "Fish and fish oil supplements are high in essential fatty acids from the Omega 3 family. These fatty acids are called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Fish Oils and MS

They are important in maintaining normal function of the nervous system, and the production of myelin. They are incorporated into the myelin sheath where they may increase fluidity and improve neural transmission. Across the world, MS is lower in places where they eat a lot of fish, and higher where they don't. For example, there is a relatively low incidence of MS in the Faroe Islands compared to the Shetlands. They share the same Danish genetic backgrounds. But in the Faroe Islands they eat a lot of fish, whereas in the Shetlands they have adopted British agriculture and eat more meat and dairy produce. Similar contrasts are apparent in Scandinavia.

What Type of Fish Is Best? The best fish for MS are oily cold water fish such as mackerel. herring, sardines, salmon, tuna. Seafood is also good. White fish like plaice and cod are fine, but oily fish is better. ……..You should eat fish [at least ed.] three times a week.

Fish Oil Supplements

In addition. take fish oil supplements every day. If you are buying fish oil supplements, look out for 'EPA' and 'DHA' on the label. Buy the very highest quality supplements, which have had the least amount of processing. Also be careful of contaminants and toxins. Cod liver oil and other fish liver oils risk having these".

* BP - Look out also for the amount of EPA/DHA they contain, as different brands can vary quite a lot, some (often marked "high strength") containing double the amount of less potent brands.

JG "Research

The evidence from epidemiological studies points more to a dietary deficiency of alphalinolenic acid (Omega 3) than of linoleic acid (Omega 6) as a causal factor in MS. Alphalinolenic was found to be 19% lower in MS patients. In an experimental study. 12 MS patients were given the fish oil supplement MaXEPA, taking a third of the daily dose with each meal Patients also took vitamins, and 2 also took sunflower seed oil. At the end of 4 months, 5 patients with acute relapsing/remitting MS showed evidence of a slight but significant reduction of total neurologic score. 7 patients with slowly progressive MS continued to deteriorate. Results may have been better if the treatment had been carried on longer".

See also the recent study by Nordvik I, Myhr K M, Nyland H, and Bjerve K S "Effect of dietary advice and n-3 supplementation in newly diagnosed MS patients" (on Direct-MS website).

4c. What is the Explanation for Flax Seed Oil? 

Flax Seed Oil - Dosage - No more than 2 tablespoons/day

JG "Flax seed oil (also known as linseed oil) contains a good balance of both families of essential fatty acids - Omega-6 (20%) and Omega-3 (60%) (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.) These are components of the nervous system, and are required for the composition of normal myelin. Flax seed oil and other Omega-3 oils have a greater effect on platelets than linoleic acid.

Flax Seed Oil As An Alternative To Fish Oil

Flax seed oil is a good alternative to fish oils for the following reasons:

* It is suitable for vegetarians. * You can get organic flax seed oil, whereas fish might have contaminants. * Flax seed oil is more stable than fish oils and have a better shelf life. * It is an easy process to make high quality flax seed oil. * Flax seed oil has several minor ingredients which fish oils do not have.

However

* Fish oils are faster acting. * In the studies where they compare fish and flax oil, the better results are with fish. * You need ten more times flax oil to get the same results as fish oil. Dr Udo Erasmus recommends 2 - 5 tablespoons of flax seed oil a day". (The best bet recommendation is no more than 2 tablespoons/ day).

"Flax seed oil can be eaten in addition to a good source of GLA, such as evening primrose oil or borage oil.

In addition to being one of the richest sources of EFAs, flax seeds are also very rich in lignans, an anti-cancer substance which is only found in high fibre foods. Lignans also have anti-viral, antifungal and anti-bacterial properties. If you can, buy organic flax seed oil in a dark bottle and keep it in the fridge once opened".

BP- Flax oil can go bad, it is important to keep opened bottles in the fridge. If it tastes ok, it should be fine.

5. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS IN THE BEST BET DIET?

5a. What is the Explanation for Vitamin A?

Vitamin A - Dosage 5,000-10,000 iu/day. Or eat liver once a week.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica article:

"A fat-soluble alcohol, most abundant in fish and especially in fish-liver oils. Vitamin A is also found in butter and in the liver fat of various animals. Vitamin A is not present in plants, but many vegetables and fruits contain one or more of a class of pigments that can be converted to vitamin A in the body; of these pigments, beta-carotene (provitamin A) is an excellent source of the vitamin. The colour of carrots largely results from their beta-carotene content.

Vitamin A is readily destroyed upon exposure to heat, light, or air. The vitamin, which functions directly in vision, is a component of a pigment called visual purple, present in the retina of the eye. Several closely related compounds with the effects of vitamin A are found in animal fats. Freshwater-fish oils, for example, contain, in addition to vitamin A, vitamin A2, which differs from the former by having two fewer hydrogen atoms. Vitamin A2 can also form a visual pigment.

Vitamin A is required by humans in very small amounts; the recommended dietary allowance for adults is 1.0 mg. This can be provided by 6 mg of beta-carotene. The existence of vitamin A was first clearly recognized in 1913; its chemical nature was established in 1933; and it was first synthesized in 1947".

5b. What is the Explanation for Vitamin B Complex?

Vitamin B Complex - Dosage - 100 mg B Complex/day

JG -"It's a good idea to take a B Complex capsule as all the B vitamins work together. The B vitamins are needed for:

The most important B vitamins for MS are:

Vitamin B Complex - B1 (Thiamin)

Vitamin B1 is uniquely important for nerves. It plays a crucial role in the release of energy from food. It helps convert blood sugar into energy in muscles and nerves. Certain foods, drinks and substances such as tea, coffee, alcohol and the contraceptive pill rob the body of B1. People who eat a lot of refined foods may be low in B1. Vitamin B1 helps improve mood, memory, muscle weakness, sensory symptoms, and fatigue. You need around 10-50mg a day.

Vitamin B Complex - B2 (Riboflavin)

- Helps the repair and maintenance of soft tissues and membranes.

Vitamin B Complex - B3 (Niacin or Nicotinamide)

- Involved in over 50 different processes in the body.

Vitamin B Complex - B5 (Pantothenic Acid) -Supports the adrenal gland as it prepares the body and nervous system to meet everyday challenges.

- Steps up the release of energy from food and the rate of fat metabolism.

- Necessary for the production of natural antibodies which help combat allergic reactions.

Vitamin B Complex - B6 (Pyridoxine)

- This is the prime B vitamin. It is needed for the health of the nervous system, the health of the immune system, and the production of vital chemicals such as serotonin, the brain and mood hormone.

B6 plays a major role in the metabolism of protein, sugar, essential fatty acids, and magnesium. It also helps in the maintenance of the body's water balance. A deficiency can hamper the absorption of zinc and impair enzyme activity. Smoking, certain drugs e.g. the contraceptive pill, exposure to carbon monoxide, and eating junk food can increase the need for B6. Adults should not exceed 50mg a day unless under the supervision of a doctor".

BP- "But the best bet dosage is 100 mg/day (in the B Complex).

Vitamin B Complex (Choline and Inositol) 

-Lecithin is a rich source of choline and inositol. These are involved in: fat metabolism - the efficient transmission of nerve impulses - the metabolism of cholesterol and fats in the liver.

5c. Why should you take Vitamin B12 in addition to the B Complex?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin or Methycobalamin) -  Dosage -100 mcg/day

There is some B12 in the B Complex; this is a separate recommendation to take additional B12.

JG-" Vitamin B12 is very important in MS. It is needed for a healthy myelin sheath, nervous system and bone marrow. Lack of B12 can impair the processes of the immune system.

People with MS may be deficient in B12 due to malabsorption in the gut or to a disorder in binding and/or transport of the vitamin. Doctors at King's College Hospital in London found several people with MS to have a B12 deficiency, and abnormally large blood cells.

Dr E.H. Reynolds, writing in the Archives of Neurology, says: " Our observations suggest there is a significant association between MS and vitamin B12 deficiency and that Vitamin B12 deficiency should always be looked for in MS."

In a B12 deficiency, toxic fatty acids destroy the myelin sheath. But high enough doses of B12 can repair it. When given B12, people with MS can experience more energy, less fatigue, a reduction in pins and needles and tingling sensations, as improvement in neurological symptoms, less depression and better sleep. Eyesight and hearing can also improve.

B12 is not assimilated very well via the gut - it is best to have injections into the muscle of the arm or buttock. Try and get a weekly injection of 1000mcg from your doctor or nurse at your local practice. Alternatively, you can take B 12 under the tongue in liquid or tablet form. Some private doctors specialising in MS give several times more B12 than this. Dr Patrick Kingsley sometimes prescribes doses as high as 12,000mcg once a week by intravenous infusion, usually with other essential nutrients. Intramuscular doses are commonly between 4,000 and 8,000 micrograms once a week for several weeks. Dr Kingsley has found that high doses of B 12 have helped stop an attack in its tracks. "B 12 is absolutely marvellous. We have been able to completely clear an MS relapse within half an hour of administering a suitably high dose of vitamin B 12 intravenously."

Dr Kingsley finds that B12 in high doses helps decrease the symptoms of MS associated with mercury poisoning. "We continue giving high doses until the person has become mercury negative".

Dr Britt Ahlrot-Westerlund in Sweden uses Methylcobalamin, along with Selenium and Vitamin E, to treat MS. The methylcobalamin form of B12 is the type used in the central nervous system. Cyanocobalamin is converted by the liver into methylcobalamin.

Research

There are studies reported in the medical literature that vitamin B12 levels in the serum, red blood cells and cerebro spinal fluid are low in multiple sclerosis. One study on 16 MS patients aged 20-63 found they were significantly lower in B12 than healthy subjects. If there is a B12 deficiency, this could aggravate the disease or be another cause of progressive demyelination.

Massive doses of B12 have been given in a trial in Japan on 24 patients with MS. The researchers found there was a significant decrease in the unsaturated vitamin B 12 binding capacities in the patients with MS. This indicated a defect in the transport of vitamin B12 into cells. In 6 patients with severe chronic progressive MS, the oral administration of 60mg of Vitamin B 12 a day improved both visual and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials by nearly 30 per cent.

The form of Vitamin B 12 used in this study was methylcobalamin - the most active form of B 12 -rather than the standard cyanocobalamin.

5d. What is the Explanation for Vitamin C?

Vitamin C - Dosage 1 g/day

JG - "Vitamin C is involved in at least 300 biochemical pathways in the body. It is needed for: - a healthy immune system -repair of tissue - production of collagen.

You can safely take 1 000mg a day. Most modern diets provide a tenth of this. Take a vitamin C capsule with bioflavonoids as they assist in the absorption and use of Vitamin C and the maintenance of healthy capillaries.

Research

One study reported that supplementation of 18 patients with high doses of selenium, vitamin C and vitamin E for five weeks increased levels of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase fivefold".

5e. What is the Explanation for Vitamin E? 

Vitamin E - Dosage 800 iu/day

JG- "Vitamin E is essential. It is fat soluble, being stored and transported around the body dissolved in fats. It is one of the antioxidant vitamins, which help protect cell membranes against free radical damage. It is definitely recommended for MS, due to the increased lipid perodixation. Vitamin E should always be taken with oil supplements such as evening primrose oil, fish oils and flax seed oil. If you eat more polyunsaturates, you need more vitamin E.

Vitamin E’s role in MS

- protects unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes - important for their function and structure. If you eat a lot of polyunsaturates, you need to eat more Vitamin E. - enhances immune response. - slows down the degenerative process. - regulates platelet aggregation".

[Best Bet] Food sources of Vitamin E

-sunflower oil

- nuts

-sunflower seeds

Supplements

Choose a natural form of Vitamin E as the potency is higher than the synthetic form…."

6. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS IN THE BEST BET DIET?

6a. What is the Explanation for Zinc?

Zinc - Dosage 50 mg/day

Dr Bob Lawrence: ". . . It is one of the most important of the trace elements needed by the body. Of the many hundreds of protein enzymes present in the body, which allow its chemistry to work, zinc is required by over two hundred of them".

JG: "Zinc is a vital trace element. It is involved in hundreds of processes in the body and plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy immune system and the metabolism of essential fatty acids. It also helps you cope with stress. Diets high in refined foods and junk food are low in zinc. Certain foods, such as cow's milk, cheese coffee and bran (hooray for best bet. ed) can inhibit its absorption. Also viral infections like glandular fever can cause a loss of zinc. If a pregnant woman's diet is low in zinc in late pregnancy, it can affect her child's immune system years later. You need 15-20 mg/day.

Research

During a relapse, zinc levels in red blood cells in MS patients decrease dramatically"

Zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight of an animal supplied with adequate amounts of zinc. Zinc is not particularly toxic and is an essential element in the growth of all animals and plants.

Source: Webelements

6b. What is the Explanation for Copper? 

Copper - Dosage - 2 mcg/day

Copper is a mineral which assists in the formation of haemoglobin and red blood cells, by helping with iron absorption. It must be in the right balance with iron and zinc, and longterm use can reduce zinc levels in the body. It is used with zinc, iron and B vitamins in the synthesis of phospholipids (long chain fatty acids) which are used m myelin formation.

6c. What is the Explanation for Selenium?

Selenium - Dosage 200 mcg/day

JG "The trace element selenium is needed to make the important enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase, which helps fight against free radicals and damage from lipid peroxidation.

Selenium and MS

The prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis may be inversely related to selenium levels in the soil. For example, MS is high in a district of Finland called Ostrobothnia where the selenium levels are low. The prevalence of MS is low in nearby Lapland, where the selenium level is high. Selenium can be taken together with other antioxidant nutrients such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E.

Research

One study reported that supplementation of 18 patients with high doses of selenium, vitamin C and vitamin E for five weeks increased levels of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase fivefold".

Good natural sources include seafood and sesame seeds.

6d. What is the Explanation for Manganese?

MANGANESE Dosage - 20 mg/ day

Manganese is involved in the production of the enzyme Superoxide Dismutase - soaks up free radicals.

7. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTI-OXIDANTS IN THE BEST BET DIET?

Antioxidants combat free radicals, very reactive and unstable compounds which damage cell membranes. Free radicals are implicated in degenerative illnesses like MS.

When you take Essential Fatty Acids, it is important also to take Antioxidants. This prevents the oxidation of the fats, which can form free radicals. In addition to Vitamin E (known as the major antioxidant) Vitamin C, and Vitamin B3 (Enada), there are other, more powerful anti-oxidants, which are very important in dealing with MS.

7a. What is the Explanation for Alpha-Lipoic Acid? 

Alpha-Lipoic Acid - dosage - 500 mg/day - VERY expensive.

Alpha-lipoic acid is both water and fat soluble, and is the only anti-oxidant which has those properties. It is a very potent anti-oxidant, and because of its small molecular size and solubility, can travel across cell membranes, where its free radical scavenging action can proceed both inside and outside the cell.

"But of particular importance to antioxidant researchers," Life Services News reported, "is alpha lipoic acid's apparent ability to regenerate and actually prolong antioxidant activity of such important nutrients as vitamins C and E and glutathione, offering enhanced protection. "In fact," claim the editors, "many of the beneficial effects of alpha lipoic acid may be due to its ability to regenerate glutathione, a potent amino acid antioxidant which, in turn, is a powerful immune enhancer, liver protector and heavy metal detoxifier."

Source, Internet Nutrition: Information from Life Services News, May 1997, Vol. 8, No. 5 and Feb. 1998, Vol. 9, No. 2

7b. What is the Explanation for Gingko Biloba? 

Gingko Biloba - Dosage 120 mg/day

JG "Ginkgo biloba comes from the Ginkgo tree, also known as the Maidenhair tree. It is one of the oldest living plants on earth. The special extract is obtained from the green leaves of cultivated ginkgo trees which are gently dried to remove just the water before being made into tablets.

Ginkgo Biloba and MS

• Helps maintain healthy peripheral circulation, including blood to the brain, so it can help maintain mental fitness.
• Studies have shown it helps memory and cognitive functions. Although these studies were done on healthy volunteers, there is no reason why it cannot work the same way for people with MS.
• Helps keep blood vessels dilated, so allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities, including the brain. Blood carries oxygen and essential nutrients around the circulation which are especially important to the brain, which makes high demands for the oxygen and glucose needed for its many functions.
• Also works as an antioxidant and has positive effects on platelet function. The active constituents of Ginkgo are natural substances called Ginkgo flavone glycosides, Ginkgolides, and Bilobalide. These play a beneficial role in scavenging free radicals and in preventing platelets from clumping together". 

7c. What is the Explanation for Grape Seed Extract (and/or Pycnogenol)?

Grape Seed Extract - (super anti-oxidants) Dosage - 2-4 capsules/day

These vital supplements contain proanthocyanidins (OPCs or PCOs) JG - "up to 50 times more powerful than Vitamin E". They help deal with free radicals, and even more importantly, strengthen the BBB. Bilberry extract is also very effective (possibly the most effective in strengthening the BBB), and is also effective in aiding eyesight.

8. WHAT OTHER SUPPLEMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE BEST BET DIET?

8a. What is the Explanation for Pro-Biotics (Acidophilus)?

Pro-Biotics - Dosage 2-8 capsules/day depending on strength

Probiotics are living "friendly" intestinal bacteria, sometimes mixed with FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides), which promote their growth in the gut. Supplementation with probiotics can help restore, or maintain the balance in favour of the healthy intestinal bacteria.

 They are needed when there is imbalance (or dysbiosis) in the digestive system, and help keep the potentially harmful micro-organisms (like candida) balanced with friendly micro-organisms. This benefit, along with helping eliminate accumulated nasties in the gut, and restoring health to the gut lining, leads to improved absorption of food and an improvement in immune function.

8b. What is the Explanation for Enzymes? 

Enzymes - Dosage 4-6 capsules/day

JG - "Enzymes are needed to digest food properly and for a multitude of metabolic functions. They turn the wheels of our body chemistry.

Pancreatic Enzymes:

• Bromelain

• Papain

In MS, there is an increased level of circulating immune complexes. Studies have shown that protein-digesting enzymes, such as pancreatic extracts, bromelain, and papain, are effective in reducing these. There are clinical improvements once the level of these circulating immune complexes is reduced.

Research shows that pancreatic enzyme preparations produce good effects in reducing the severity and frequency of attacks in MS. They particularly helped with visual disturbance, sensory disturbances, and problems with the bladder, bowel and gut. They had little effect on other symptoms such as spasticity, dizziness, or tremor.

Hundreds of MS patients in Mexico and Germany have enzyme treatment. They are given pancreatic enzymes together with unsaturated fatty acids and other supplements. Dr Hector H. Solorzano, Chairman of the Program for Studies of Alternative Medicine at the University of Guadalajara in Mexico, cites the case of a 42 year-old man with MS who was confined to a wheelchair when he first came to see him. After a month of enzyme treatment he had gained sufficient strength to begin to take care of himself. Three months later he began to walk, and after six months he was able to lead a productive life."

Digestive Enzymes

Digestive enzymes found in raw foods work together with those made in the mouth, stomach and small intestine to make nutrients absorbable. Lack of enzymes leads to malnutrition. If any digestive enzymes are lacking or not working effectively, your body cannot use nutrients from foods.

Enzymes and MS

Enzymes help the food you eat get absorbed properly. Absorption of poorly-digested food can lead to gut inflammation, leaky gut and food allergies that can manifest themselves in a wide variety of symptoms. Food ferments in the gut causing gas, burning and bloating. These incompletely digested foods produce toxins, irritate the intestines, and enter the bloodstream. Over time, this can lead to degenerative and/or autoimrnune diseases. It is common for people with MS to have digestive problems. Poor digestion keeps immune cells tied up in our gut, leaving us defenceless against virus, fungus, yeast, candida, and bacteria. So infections are more likely. Enzymes can also digest a virus's protein code, without which they cannot penetrate cells. Digestive enzymes are present in raw foods, but are destroyed by cooking. If most of your food is cooked, the body has to do twice as much work. Either the enzymes need to be replaced by taking enzyme supplements, or you need to eat more raw foods, or both. Enzymes have no taste. They only become active when wet. You can sprinkle enzymes evenly over your food. They can be added to anything except piping hot foods, which destroy them. They can be taken with water after eating, especially when you have overeaten or feel bloated. You get better results mixing enzymes with food than just swallowing the capsules. You can also take capsules between meals.

How Much Should You Take? It depends on the person. Some do fine on 2 capsules a day; others need 6 or more. Signs of improvement are less gas, less bloating, fewer food sensitivities, allergies and immune problems. Cooked foods need more enzymes because raw foods contain some enzymes already. 

The digestive enzymes are. -

Glutathione Peroxidase

Glutathione Peroxidase is an antioxidant enzyme whose job is to help protect all cells from free radical damage. It seems that people with MS have reduced activity of this enzyme. When free radicals are allowed to run riot, damaging lipid peroxides are formed.

Research

One study reported that supplementation of 18 patients with high doses of selenium, vitamin C and vitamin E for five weeks increased levels of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase fivefold.

8c. What is the Explanation for Lecithin? 

Lecithin (Phosphatidyl Choline) - Dosage - 500 -1000mg/day

JG - "Lecithin helps in fat metabolism. It is a precursor of Acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter which is needed for the transmission of messages between brain cells". 

8d. What is the Explanation for L-Glutamine? 

 L-Glutamine (Glutamine) - Dosage - 500 mg/day

JG "L-Glutamine is an amino acid, the most abundant one in our bodies. Immune cells need glucose, but will only grow if they have glutamine too.

L-Glutamine and MS

L-Glutamine helps protect against a leaky gut, which is common in MS.

Glutamine is the most important nutrient and fuel for the mucosal lining of the small intestine and the colon. The cells of the intestine or gut are the fastest growing cells in our bodies. They form a very thin (one cell thick) barrier between the digestive tract and the rest of the body, and have to be replenished constantly - gaps can open between these cells, resulting in leaky gut.

Taking extra L-Glutamine is a good way to protect the gut lining. It is also important for the pancreas (which produces digestive enzymes). Secretory IgA antibody, a key component of the immune barrier in the lining of the intestines, also requires glutamine.

Glutamine also:

* Reduces fatigue. It is important brain fuel - the only other brain fuel besides glucose. This can also help in depression. * Helps reduce cravings for sweets, chocolate, alcohol, cigarettes, drugs etc., and can help reduce hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). * Helps in the production of glutathione peroxidase, a key antioxidant enzyme (see below). This in turn can stop the production of cytokines - white blood cells which produce pain and inflammation in autoimmune diseases. * Delivers nitrogen where it is needed to help build muscle tissue, and removes nitrogen where there is acid build-up, helping detoxification. It also helps the liver to rid the body of toxic substances. * Prevents muscle breakdown. When you are under stress, for instance through illness, surgery or an accident, glutamine is 'robbed' from lean muscle tissue to fuel the tissues of the intestines, liver and immune system. Muscle tissue is also used to make more glutamine; this causes muscle wasting.

Taking L Glutamine

Normally your body makes enough glutamine, but if you are ill or under any stress, you may need more. (It is incorporated into drips given to patients recovering from surgery or serious illness.) The recommended dose is 500mg - 5gm daily, in capsules or powder. Take 30 minutes before meals on an empty stomach. Do not take with hot or acidic drinks/food. Can be taken sprinkled onto carbohydrate food ...."

8e. What is the Explanation for Amino Acids?  

Amino Acids – Dosage (follow the instructions on the bottle!)

Suggested by Judy Graham. Recommended by Ashton Embry.

July 2001.

Amino acids are very important. They are the building blocks of all proteins, including all cells membranes, tissues, blood, lymph, enzymes and hormones, so are essential for good health. JG "you get amino acids from good quality proteins such as fish, lean meat, poultry, eggs and soy." But on the best bet diet you will be avoiding three of these sources…

Eight amino acids "….are called ‘essential’ because you cannot make them in your body, but have to get them from foods. A lack of these essential aminos may be due to faulty digestion/absorption, which then disrupts metabolic processes, creating general symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and lethargy.

At the Tahoma Clinic in Seattle, it was found that in nearly 100 per cent of MS cases, the amino acid blood levels were abnormally low. Amino acid supplements can reduce weakness and fatigue. By improving metabolism, they contribute to greater energy and well-being." Judith Lake, writing in New Pathways magazine Nov/Dec 2000.

REFERENCE

The main source of material on individual supplements (indicated by "JG" in the text) is:

Judy Graham et al. "A to Z Guide to Complementary Therapies", MSRC (2000)